The
Hyde Park Achilles/Wellington: a celebration of ancient warrior, or British military
supremacy? Can Disability Studies inform a discussion of the able-bodied hero?
This posting pulls together some of the previous postings to this blog - while also trying to move on some on my arguments. It originated in a blog I wrote for the Higher Education Academy earlier this year.
When I was at a meeting for subject association
representatives on interdiscipilinarity last year – as a representative of one
of the classical subject associations – a colleague from one of the
archaeological associations commented that his discipline is the most inherently
interdisciplinary of all. I responded
that this honour might in fact go to Classics, a subject with a strong disciplinary
history and identity, but whose boundaries are fluid. I gave examples from my
own experience to back up my case. My research and teaching interests cover
literature, drama, material culture, various types of history including gender
history, the history of sexuality, political history, social history, the
history of medicine, the history of philosophy, religious history and economic
history. I stated that I research and
teach mythology, including comparative mythology. I mentioned that I draw on work by colour
theorists, psychologists, anthropologists, linguists, feminist theorists and non-verbal
communication studies specialists. I
explained that when I research and teach classical reception studies, this
brings in disciplines including English, Drama, History and the History of Art. I said that, not only do I apply a range of
approaches from particular disciplines to a study of antiquity: I also take
primary source material from a range of periods and places, including Early
Modern Britain, nineteenth-century Europe and contemporary ‘popular’
culture. I recalled how I used to be
asked frequently at job interviews and conferences when starting out whether I
was a ‘classicist’ or an ‘ancient historian’. I’ve held been a lecturer ‘in
classics’, ‘in ancient history’, and a visiting professor in a faculty of
classical archaeology. I’ve been based
in departments with strong ties to History departments. In one institution, I held a post in a board
of classical studies administered by the English department.
I stressed that I was including
this example of the wide-ranging nature of my practice as a case study of what
it is to be a classicist rather than to make a case that I was doing anything
unusual. The response was an interesting
discussion of how various subjects border on classics. For example, as an
academic from a Modern Languages subject association reflected, where does
Roman Studies end and his own discipline of Italian Studies begin? In this posting, I want to consider one example
of how the teaching of classics can be enriched by drawing upon a growing – and
intrinsically interdisciplinary – field, that of Disability Studies.
I shall set out what the benefits can be of
including the study of disability in antiquity to the curriculum, and,
specifically of drawing on the methods of a discipline that is inherently
interdisciplinary. I shall consider ways
in which taking such an approach offer new ways to think about antiquity, and
about how the ancient world is learnt and taught.
What is Disability Studies?
Pinning a discipline to a particular definition is never going to be straightforward,
especially when the discipline in question is founded on interdisciplinary
lines, is still-emerging, and encompasses practitioners whose work is informed
by divergent and at times contradictory definitions of what disability
constitutes. The field centres around
two different models, one largely discounted, one more current, though
increasingly criticised. I shall focus
on these two models below.
On the terms of the ‘medical model’ (aka ‘deficit
model’), a disability is a disorder that affects a particular individual. In terms of the ‘social model’, disability is
a social construction. The move towards a view of disability as a social
construction comes with a major shift in contemporary thinking about disability
away from the 'medical model' that holds that individuals are disabled, need to
make adjustments to fit in with society, and towards a notion that it is
actually society that does the disabling.
From this socially-oriented perspective, it is not the case that
disabled people need to change, but that society needs to change in
order to make provision for disabled persons. This move has come about at the
same time as a change in terminology away from 'people with disabilities' to
'disabled persons'. For example, rather than talking of a 'person with
dyslexia', instead one might talk of a 'dyslexic person'. From being viewed as
an individual, pathological disorder, the rise of the ‘social model’ has led to
disability becoming theorised as a social construction. With this move, there
has come a recognition that the experience of disability will differ between
persons, even those labelled similarly, for example as ‘dyslexics’.
How has
Disability Studies informed classical research?
A consequence of the turn to a constructivist approach to disability has
been a view that, to understand more deeply how disability is socially
constructed, it is desirable to explore how it is constructed in different
times and in different places. These
different times and places can include the cultures of the ancient world. The same questions that are engaging
specialists in Disability Studies can be used to frame questions concerning the
relationship between ancient and other cultures and concerning the relationship
between specific ancient cultures, namely: are attitudes towards
disabled persons cross-cultural, or even rooted in human evolution, or are the ancients’
views of disability a condition of
their own particular cultural contexts?
One of the major studies to date of disability in
the ancient world is Martha Rose's Staff of
Oedipus published in 2003. I shall provide a mini-review
of this book and its potential as a secondary source because it illustrates the
scope for exploring the ancient world through the prism of disability, as well
as some of the potential pitfalls. The book’s approach falls under the ‘social
model’ umbrella in its quest to understand and historicise disability. Rose explores what disability might have meant
in the ancient Greek world, and what the experiences were for disabled persons.
She argues that there must have been a range of body types beyond the
sculptural ideal, including from war injuries, and that that the split that we
today perceive between disabled and non-disabled people was not present in ancient
Greece. She makes a claim that is likely
to take readers – including Classicist readers – by surprise: that ancient
Greece was forward-looking in terms of disability, because disability was not
used to mark difference. Her work does for classical disability what Dover’s Greek Homosexuality (Duckworth, 1978) did
for the study of ancient same-sex relationships a generation earlier. Dover’s perspective was that ancient
attitudes towards same-sex relationships differed radically from our own, and
that modern prejudices have no clear ancient counterpart. Rose depicts the ancient Greek world as a
place where disabled people had better opportunities and faced less prejudice
than is common today.
Rose’s case for a reappraisal of ancient Greece as “forward-thinking“ in terms of disability has come in
for criticism, as has her thesis that the Greeks did not use disability as a
marker of difference. For instance, and as
soon reviewers noted, there is plenty of evidence that does not fit her
argument. There is, for instance, an
ancient source which points to a classification more akin to ours, Lysias
24: On the refusal of a pension to the invalid. The speaker has been
accused of illegally drawing the pension granted to hoi adunatoi, a
phrase which is generally translated 'the disabled'. The pension was, according
to the Aristotelian Constitution of the Athenians, granted to those who
were in poverty, and 'incapacitated by a bodily infirmity' (49.4). A contrast
is drawn being hygiainos ('in good health') and adunatos
('disabled': Lys. 24.13); such persons should be regarded, according to Lysias,
as deserving of pity.
Rose’s thesis cannot be upheld insofar as there
were provisions or disabled people as a category as well as a sense of the
disabled body as a different one, whether inferior or superior. Here, the
medical model can be applied more readily than the social one. Where physical
disability is concerned, one can draw the same kind of conclusion as for so many
groups in ancient Greek life, such as slaves and rape victims: that the ancient
world was not a nice place.
How can
Disability Studies inform the classical curriculum?
Rose’s book is opens up various aspects of ancient disability to
scholarly attention. It shows how important it is to keep challenging
assumptions that we bring to the ancient world. It raises questions concerning
how far modern views can be mapped onto the past, and of how far modern
conceptual categories can be applied to the ancient world. The ‘social model’ can be used to explore how
disability was used to reflect on such issues as health, skill (and thus
'ability' as well as ‘disability’), difference and status. The ‘medical model’, meanwhile, can be used to
inform a study of instances of physical disability.
A tutor might spend time exploring the numerous
examples of disabled persons from antiquity, such as the doubly-disabled
Oedipus (lame from birth and later blind), the lame god Hephaistos, and the
Spartan newborns that fell victim to the Spartan programme of eugenics. Others
with physical disabilities include the emperor Claudius, the Homeric non-hero
Thersites and the blind prophet Teiresias.
One approach might be to study the range of perceptions and what these
tell us about views about the body and status. Some disabled persons are
reviled, others are celebrated. For instance, on the Parthenon frieze, the god
with the most developed musculature is Hephaistos. One way of reading this representation of the
god is that, through his physical labour, he meets standards of bodily
perfection in ways denied his fellow gods; it is a marker of his difference
from the other major gods.
A tutor might want to consider whether a study of
disability in antiquity should be confined to physical disability, or could
include, say, mental ill-heath or dyslexia? What about figures who were not
regarded as disabled in antiquity but whom we might define as such now:
Achilles, being one such example - perfectly bodied – which is one reason why
the hero is the exemplar for military supremacy chosen for the Wellington
memorial, but in the wake of Jonathan Shay's Achilles in Vietnam (1994), one of a host of heroes showing traits
of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Those seeking to introduce
disability into the classical curriculum might consider the following questions.
How far
should a disability studies approach focus on aspects of physical disability? How
far can research into conditions such as ADHD, Bi-polar disorder, PTSD, autism
and dyslexia offer fresh interpretations of mythological, and other, figures?
For instance, can one offer a reading of the Olympian gods through the prism of
autism to look from a fresh angle on the special interests pursued by each of
them?
Monstrous
pedagogies and challenging ‘traditional’ views about Classics
As well as enriching how the ancient world is understood, there is
broader potential of a Disability Studies approach for challenging
current ways of learning and teaching.
The quest for ‘monstrous pedagogies’ was the focus of the HEA’s 2014 Arts and
Humanities conference: 'Heroes and Monsters: extra-ordinary tales
of teaching and learning in the arts and humanities'. This event looked at ways
to 'make strange' academic practice and challenge what is taken for granted by
its practitioners. On the conference's definition, monsters dwell in realms
just beyond our own; they can come into our world to 'unnerve' us and
'innervate' us, and thus a 'monstrous pedagogy' can 'disrupt habits' and
'articulate...different ways of being'.
A Disability Studies approach can find space for the learner or the
teacher that takes in otherness. It can also enable the ‘different’ learner or
teacher to bring to bear their particular talents.
As far as some are concerned, a classics department
is not the place where one would expect to find such a ‘different’ person – a
Disability Studies approach can help combat such a limiting and downright wrong
view. In April 2014, an opinion piece by Matthew Norman in the Independent (Voices, 14 April) took a rather old-fashioned approach to dyslexia
and to who can study classics. Mocking the MP Charlotte Leslie's claim that
dyslexia was among the reasons for her failure to register donations to her
local Tory party association, Norman wondered whether her apology constitutes
"a new contender for the title of Most Overwhelmingly Persuasive Excuse
Offered for Failure". Norman
wondered, piling on the irony, how Leslie’s claim that she finds it hard to
read paperwork can square with her educational achievements as a classicist who
graduated from one of the most famous colleges at an elite university after,
presumably, mastering among the most difficult texts in existence:
It has clearly blighted her life. But for dyslexia,
indeed, she might have been able to study one of the more challenging
linguistic disciplines at one our finest universities. Sadly, due to the
ravages of dyslexia, Charlotte Leslie had to content herself with taking a
Classics degree - and is anything in the literary canon easier to master than
an Aeschylean chorus? It’s the ancient Greek equivalent of Green Eggs And Ham
by what the dyslexic classicist might misread as Dr Zeus - at Balliol College,
Oxford.
Norman's attitude towards dyslexia as a way of
perceiving the world beset with problems matches the ‘medical model’ as it has
been applied to dyslexia. While he is right to intimate the challenges that
classical languages can pose to dyslexic students, others manage precisely what
he suggests that Leslie would not be able to do as someone supposedly ‘blighted’
by dyslexia. The abilities of dyslexics include approaching topics from unusual
angles, generating innovative ideas, and making connections that others might
miss: abilities which can enable differently-thinking classicists to flourish.
This idea that a dyslexic will not be intelligent enough to study classics is
wrong in many ways. In 2006, Kate
Channock described in the journal Literacy how a dyslexic student
benefited from teaching himself ancient Greek. Dyslexia Scotland's guide to
Classics sets out the traditional barriers, how to overcome them, and the
strengths of learning classics as a dyslexic. Ray Laurence
'dyslexic and...also a classicist' (2010: 6), has written an article which
challenges the perception of a dyslexic way of perceiving the world as one
beset with problems. In place of the 'deficit model' of dyslexia, he advocates
a focus upon the abilities characteristic of dyslexic people not least
in visual and holistic thinking. Laurence makes clear that he is hardly saying
something new. As long ago as the mid-1990s, the Tomlinson Report on Inclusive
Learning (Tomlinson 1996) expressed the need for an inclusive curriculum that
meets the needs of all students.
In summary, there are various benefits of considering a Disability
Studies perspective on the study of classics: to offer a new way into the study
of the ancient world; to make students think about the assumptions they bring
to the study of that world; to enable students to explore the benefits of
interdisciplinary approaches; to challenge certain prevailing assumptions about
what classics is, and who should study it; to promote diversity among learners
and teachers; and to help students become better informed about the diversity
of ancient bodies and experiences.
References and links
- The Leeds Centre of
Disability Studies includes lots of reading material: http://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/
- For work largely in German
but also with plenty of references to work in English: http://www.disabilitystudies.de/literatur.html
- Rose's work arguing for Greece as “forward-thinking“in terms of
disability: Martha L. Rose. The Staff of Oedipus. Transforming
Disability in Ancient Greece.Ann Arbor 2003. See the review in a
Disability Studies journal at: http://www.dsq-sds.org/article/view/875/1050
- Other work on disability in antiquity includes
the following studies by Jay Dolmage: ‘Breathe upon us an even flame:
Hephaestus, history, and the body of rhetoric’. Rhetoric Review 25.2
(2006): 119-40; ‘Metis, mêtis, mestiza, Medusa:
rhetorical bodies across rhetorical traditions’. Rhetoric Review 28.1
(2009): 1-28.
- Jonathan Shay’s reading of Greek warfare in
terms of PTSD: Achilles in Vietnam:
Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character. New York 1994.
- Ray Laurence’s article on dyslexics and
classics: ‚Classics and its dyslexics‘, Bulletin of the Council of University Classics Departments 39
(2010): 6-10.
Here's a quick report on current and future activities that bear on this blog's topic. 
